Monday, August 12, 2013

pradaxa health concerns


For this small study, 50 strangers were asked to guess the age and subjectively rank the attractiveness of 49 patients after viewing photos of them either before or after facial plastic surgery.
The bottom-line: Surgical intervention shaved a few years off perceived age but did almost nothing to boost patients' overall attractiveness.
What's at issue is patients' expectations, said study lead author Dr. Joshua Zimm, an attending surgeon at Lenox Hill Hospital and Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Institute of North Shore-LIJ Health System in New York City.
<a href="http://www.drugrisk.com/pradaxa/lawsuit">www.DrugRisk.com</a>

"When we're doing this kind of surgery I'm telling patients that they'll look fresher, more energetic and less tired, and we have some data in the literature that indicates you will look younger, as we found," Zimm said. "But clearly I cannot say that they will look more attractive."
He emphasized, however, that the findings represent the work of just one surgeon and that the study design had limitations. "This is not the final word on the subject," Zimm said.
"But certainly I think you can take away from this that if you're looking to have aesthetic facial surgery to look younger, we've shown that you will," he said. "Beyond that ... it is not clear that everyone will definitely look more attractive."
Zimm and his colleagues discussed their findings in the Aug. 1 online edition of the journal JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery.
The team focused on clients at a Toronto private-practice facility who had one or more of the following procedures between 2006 and 2010: face lift, neck lift, upper or lower eyelid lift, and brow-lift. The patients ranged from 42 to 73 years old.

Tuesday, July 16, 2013

Financial Aid & Scholarship Scheme


Financial Aid & Scholarship Scheme


Scholarship Policy:
Kathmandu University (KU) has been providing various scholarships to a number of its meritorious and needy students in order to encourage and to promote for quality education for leadership. Several financial Support Schemes in KU have helped to maintain high academic standard. As generating supports from all sections of society is the basic principle involved in financing the development and operating costs of the university, our policy is to encourage all sectors to contribute to the scholarship fund to be utilized for financially weak but meritorious students. In order to fulfill its aim and objectives, KU has presently operating following school wise scholarship programs.
1.      Scholarships in KU SOS (for students in KU School of Science Programs)
2.      Scholarships in KU SOE (for students in KU School of Engineering Programs)
3.      Scholarships in KU SOM (for students in KU School of Management Programs)
4.      Scholarships in KU SOED (for students in KU School of Education Programs)
5.      Scholarships in KU SOA (for students in KU School of Arts Programs)
6.      Scholarships in KU SOMS (for students in KU School of Medical Sciences Programs)
Financial Aid & Scholarship Scheme
SCcholarship Policy:
Kathmandu University (KU) has been providing various scholarships to a number of its meritorious and needy students in order to encourage and to promote for quality education for leadership. Several financial Support Schemes in KU have helped to maintain high academic standard. As generating supports from all sections of society is the basic principle involved in financing the development and operating costs of the university, our policy is to encourage all sectors to contribute to the scholarship fund to be utilized for financially weak but meritorious students. In order to fulfill its aim and objectives, KU has presently operating following school wise scholarship programs.
1.      Scholarships in KU SOS (for students in KU School of Science Programs)
2.      Scholarships in KU SOE (for students in KU School of Engineering Programs)
3.      Scholarships in KU SOM (for students in KU School of Management Programs)
4.      Scholarships in KU SOED (for students in KU School of Education Programs)
5.      Scholarships in KU SOA (for students in KU School of Arts Programs)
6.      Scholarships in KU SOMS (for students in KU School of Medical Sciences Programs)

Medical Colleges in Nepal

Currently, about 20 Medical Colleges are operating in Nepal (both governmental and private colleges). Most of the colleges are affiliated to 2 main Universities of Nepal i.e. Kathmandu University (KU) and Tribhuvan University/IOM (TU). The minimum time period for completion of MBBS course in KU is 5 and 1/2 years and in TU is around 6 years including internship.
The international country code for Nepal is +977
nepal medical colleges 300x235 List of Medical Colleges Of Nepal
Tribhuvan University (T.U) affiliated:
1-411570
Name of CollegeLocationContactWebsite
Institute of Medicine (IOM)Maharajgunj,
Kathmandu
1-4413729www.iom.edu.np
Universal Medical College (UCMS)
Bhairawaha71-522896
71-522938,
www.ucmsnepal.com
National Medical College (NMC)
Birgunj51-532261
06252- 232895 (India)
www.nmcbir.edu.np
Janaki Medical College (JMC)
Janakpur41 – 526121www.jmcedu.com.np
KIST Medical College (KISTMCTH)
Imadol,
Lalitpur
1-5201496
1-6916201
www.kistmcth.edu.np
Chitwan Medical College (CMC)
Bharatpur,
Chitwan
56-592366www.cmc.edu.np
Gandaki Medical College (GMCTHRC)
Lekhnath-2,
Pokhara
61-207130
61-207130
www.gmc.edu.np
Mahendranagar Medical College

Mahendranagar
Kanchanpur
99-24437
1-416851
Global Education
Foundation Ltd.
Kathmandu University (KU) Affiliated:
Name of CollegeLoacationContactWebsite
College Of Medical Sciences (CMS)
Bharatpur56-524203www.cmsnepal.edu.np
Nepalgunj Medical CollegeChisapani, Nepalgunj81-521572
81-522932
81- 523182
www.ngmc.edu.np
Kathmandu Medical College (KMC)
Duwakot and Sinamangal, Ktm1-6616781
1-6616782
www.kmc.edu.np
Nepal Medical College (NMC)
Jorpati,
Kathmandu
1-4911008
www.nmcth.edu
Kathmandu
University
School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS)
Dhulikhel11-490707www.dhulikhelhospital.org
Lumbini Medical College (LMC)Tansen,
Palpa
75-520840www.lmc.edu.np
Nobel Medical CollegeBiratnagar21-460735
21-460736
www.nobelmedicalcollege.com.np
Manipal Medical College of Medical Sciences (MCOMS)
Pokhara61-440600
080-64500466 (India)
www.manipal.edu.np
MEDICAL COLLEGES NOT AFFILATED TO EITHER OF TU OR KU:
B.P. Koirala Institute Of Health Sciences (BPKIHS)
Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS)
BS/MD-GEMS
National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS)
  • Location: Mahaboudha, Kathamndu
  • Contact: 1-4478784, 1-4452125
  • Website: http://nams.org.np/
  • Post Graduate (PG) program only
For complete list of cost of admission, food, hostel in these colleges jump to:
http://medchrome.com/medicalcolleges/nepal/cost-of-admission-in-private-medical-colleges-in-nepal/

Top 10 Medical Colleges in Nepal

On the basis of patient flow in the hospital, infrastructure, clinical exposures to the students, popularity among students, international reputation and various other criterias, following is the ranking of Medical colleges of Nepal:
  1. Institute of Medicine (IOM), Kathmandu
  2. BP Koirala Institute of Health Science (BPKIHS), Dharan
  3. Kathmandu Medical College (KMC), Kathmandu
  4. Manipal College of Medical Science and Technology, Pokhara
  5. Patan Academy of Health Science (PAHS), Lalitpur
  6. Nepal Medical College (NMC), Kathmandu
  7. College of Medical Sciences (CoMS), Chitwan
  8. Universal College of Medical Sciences (UCMS), Bhairawa
  9. KIST Medical College, Kathmandu
  10. Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel

List of universities in Nepal

This is a list of universities in Nepal. Prior to the establishment of the first college in the country, Tri-Chandra College in 1918, higher education in Nepal was nonexistent. Until 1985, Tribhuvan University had remained the one and the only university in Nepal. In the early 80s, His Majesty's Government developed the concept of a multi-university system for the country. One important assumption behind the concept was that each new university should have a distinctive nature, content and function of its own.
The first new university that was established was Mahendra Sanskrit University. The inception of this university was soon followed by Kathmandu University in 1990, Purbanchal and Pokhara Universities in 1995 and 1996 respectively. Many schools and colleges are run by private initiatives but none of the universities in Nepal are private.
B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences is the first and foremost Health and Medical University of Nepal, established in 1994 and upgraded to university in 1999.
Currently there are six universities in Nepal, and two institutions recognised as universities:
At present there are only five accredited universities operating in Nepal. Four further universities have been proposed for establishment, but the government has not allocated the funds for universities and the issue has not been decided yet. Along with the four new universities, one more are supposed to be established in Nepalgunj.

top university in nepal


engineering college

Engineering Colleges

There are quite a good number of engineering colleges in Nepal that provide engineering courses in various parts of the country. Most of these engineering Colleges in Nepal admit the local students through an entrance test. However foreign students are admitted on the basis of their performance in a personal interview. Candidates, to be eligible for admission to the engineering colleges in Nepal, should at least pass the Intermediate in Science or diploma in engineering or its equivalent.
Architecture, Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electronics and Communication, Electrical and Electronics, Energy Engineering, Civil and Rural Engineering are some of the popular engineering courses in Nepal. While the B.E. Architecture courses are of 5 years duration, other bachelor degree courses are of 4 years duration. Some engineering colleges in Nepal also offer Masters degree courses. The Nepal Engineering College, for example, offers Master’s degree courses in Construction Management and Natural Resource Management.
Name & Affiliation Programs Contact Website
Acme Engineering College M.E (Engineering Management, Information System Engineering)
B.E(Arch, Civil, CS, EC)
Diploma(Civil, CS, Electronics)
Acme Engineering College
Sitapaila Chowk, Ring Road,
P.O. Box: 8849, Kathmandu, Nepal
Telephone: 4282962, 4280445
Fax Number: 977-1-4282947
E-mail: acme@acme.edu.np
http://www.acme.edu.np/
Asian College of Engineering & Management
(Affiliation by Pokhara University)

Old Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
PH. 4472608, 4474169,
Email: ascem@wlink.com.np
http://www.asiancollege.edu.np/
Himalaya College of Engineering B.E (EC, CS, Civil) Himalaya College of Engineering
Shankhamul, Kathmandu, Nepal
Ph: 0977-01-4433117
Email: hcoe@wlink.com.np
http://www.hcoe.edu.np/
Lumbini Engineering College,
Ph: 542659, 561659
Fax: 543444

Nepal Engineering College B.E (Arch, Civil, CS, EC, Electrical & Electronics)
M.Sc (Construction Management, Interdisciplinary Water Resources Management, Natural Resources Management, Disaster Risk Management, Transportation Engineering & Management)
Ph: (977)16611744 Ext: 201, 202
Fax: (977)16611681
Email: info@nec.edu.np
http://www.nec.edu.np/

medical colleges


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Medical Colleges

Medical colleges in Nepal are spread over various parts of the country. Most of these medical colleges in Nepal are in the private sector, although there are some government medical colleges too. Admission of local students to these medical colleges in Nepal is done generally through an entrance test. However foreign students are admitted on the basis of their performance in a personal interview. In order to be eligible for admission to the MBBS courses of Nepal’s medical colleges, one needs to pass the higher secondary examination in science or its equivalent.
Medical education in Nepal is regulated by the Medical Council of Nepal. Apart from giving recognition to the medical colleges in Nepal, it also conducts the licensing examination for providing registration to the new doctors. It is also responsible for making policies related to curriculum, admission, term and examination system of teaching institute of medical education and to make recommendation for cancellation of registration and approved by renewing and evaluating such system/procedure.
Name Programs Address/Contact Website
B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, MBBS, BDS, B.Sc Nursing Ph : 977-25-525555
Fax : 977-25-520251
E-mail: academic@bpkihs.edu
http://www.bpkihs.edu/
Institute of Medicine
(Affiliation by Tribhuvan University)
Ph : 977-01-4410911,
Fax: 977-01-4418186
E-mail: iomdean@healthnet.org.np
http://www.iom.edu.np/
National Academy of Medical Sciences MBBS, MD/MS,Nursing Ph : 977-1-4230710
Fax: 977-1-4247032
E-mail: nams@healthnet.org.np
http://www.nams.org.np/
Manipal College of Medical Sciences Ph : 00977 – 61 – 440600
E-mail: mcoms@manipal.edu.np
www.manipal.edu/com
Janaki Medical College, MBBS Ramdaiya Bhawadi,JanakpurdhamDhanusha, Nepal
Ph: (00977) 41 – 524174
E-mail: jmc@jncsweb.net
http://www.jmcedu.com.np/
Kathmandu Medical College
(Affiliation by Kathmandu University)
MBBS, MD/MS, B.Sc Nursing 184 Baburam Acharya Sadak, Sinamangal,Kathmandu, NepalPh : 977-1-4469064, 4476152
Fax: 977-1-4477920
E-mail: kmc.enet.com.np
http://www.kmc.edu.np/
Kathmandu University Medical School Ph: 00977 – 011 – 664407
Fax: 00977 – 011 –664406
E-mail: kums@wlink.com.np
Nepal Medical College MBBS Ph: 977-01-4486008
Fax: 977-01-447118
E-mail: principal@nmcth.edu
http://www.nmcth.edu/

managment colleges


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Management Colleges

Management colleges in Nepal are attracting students from diverse fields as management education in the country offers great career opportunity. In fact, people from neighboring countries are also coming to the management colleges of Nepal for pursuing MBA degree courses. While some business schools in Nepal offer undergraduate courses, others offer postgraduate courses or executive MBA programme. The undergraduate management courses in Nepal or Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) programmes are of four years duration. On this page, we have tried to provide a list of all the management colleges of Nepal so that a student can get all the contact details that he or she is looking for.
Name & Affiliation Programs Address/Contact Website
ACE Institute of Management EMBA, BBA, MBA, MBAe, BBA-BI, AHS ACE Institute of Management,
Naya Baneshwor Kathmandu, Nepal
Ph: 4469019, 4474712
E-mail: ace@ace.edu.np
http://www.aim.edu.np/
APEX College BBA, MBA, BCIS APEX College,
GPO Box 19691, Baneshwor Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Bagmati
Ph: 4467922, 4478841
Fax: 01-4467923
E-mail: apex@apexcollege.edu.np
http://www.apexcollege.edu.np/
Bagmati Modern College
(Affiliated by Tribhuvan University)

Bagmati Modern College, GPO:8312, Ktm,
Naxal, Kathmandu, Nepal
Ph: 4427632,4436501,4415787
E-mail: bmc123@wlink.com.np

Bernhardt College BBS, BA Kathmandu BernHardt College
Balkhu Chowk, Kathmandu
(Opposite to TU Exams Office)
Tel: 4036106, 4036107
Fax: 977-1-4036279
E-mail: bernhardt@wlink.com.np
http://www.bernhardt.edu.np/
Birgunj Public College
(Affiliated by Tribhuvan University)

Birgunj Public College,
Panitanki, Birgunj-10 Birgunj Parsa, Narayani
Ph: 051-532198,526138
Fax: 051-528447
E-mail: bpc_deepak@yahoo.com

Bishnumati (BST) College
Bishnumati (BST) College,
Gongabu, opposite New Bus Park
Ph: 00977-4354704 / 353708
E-mail: bstcollege@wlink.com.np
http://www.bstcollege.edu.np/
Bright Vision College
(Affiliated to Tribhuvan University)
BA, BBS Bright Vision College,
Satdobato, Ring Road side to Chapagaun Lalitpur, Bagmati
Ph: 01-5555864,5536187,5537529
E-mail: bvcollege@wlink.com.np

Brookfield College
Brookfield College,
Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal
Ph: 4470646,4492597
E-mail: info@brookfield.edu.np
http://www.brookfield.edu.np/
Campion College
Campion College,
Kupondole, Lalitpur, Nepal, GPO 1415
Ph: 5521753, 5531436
E-mail: ccollege@wlink.com.np
http://www.campionnepal.org/
Capital College And Research Center
Capital College And Research Center,
GPO Box 9737, Koteshwor (Near Balkumari Bridge), Kathmandu
Ph: 4602056, 4600723
Fax: 4600369
E-mail: ccrc@wlink.com.np
http://www.ccrc.edu.np/
Cosmos College of Management and Technology
(Affiliated to Pokhara University)
BBA, B.E(IT, EC, CS,Civil) Cosmos College of Management and Technology,
Gaushala Pinglasthan, Kathmandu, Nepal
Ph: 2151806, 448 1111
Fax: 449 1111
E-mail: info@cosmoscollege.edu.np
http://www.cosmoscollege.edu.np/
Crimson Int’l College BBS Crimson Int’l College,
Shankhamul, New Banewhwor, Kathmandu
Tel: 977-1-4782414, 4784628
E-mail: info@crimson.edu.np
http://www.crimson.edu.np/
Dav College BBS, BBA Dav College,
P.O.B. 929, Jawalakhel, Lalitpur
Tel: 5536626, Fax: 5546440
E-mail: info@davcollegenepal.com
http://www.davcollege.edu.np/
Einstein Academy
(Affiliated by Tribhuwan University)

Einstein Academy,
Thasikhel, Mahalaxmi Chowk, Ring Road, Lalitpur-14, Nepal
Ph: 977-1-5530818, 5544739
Fax: 977-1-5549155
E-mail: krrai@wlink.com.np
http://www.einsteinacademynepal.com/
Everest College
(Affiliated by Tribhuvan University)

Everest College
Thapathali,
Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: 4231460 / 4266652/ 4258630/ 2030200
E-mail: info@evecol.com
http://www.evecol.com/
FW Taylor H.S and College
(Affiliated by Tribhuvan University)
BA, BBS FW Taylor H.S and College,
PO Box 8545, Kalikasthan Kathmandu, Bagmati
Ph: 01-4418046, 01-4442717
E-mail: fwtaylor@wlink.com.np

Global College of Management
Global College of Management,
Mid-Baneshwor,Basuki Marga P.O.Box No.24855,Kathmandu
Ph: 4488312, 4472083
E-mail: info@proed.edu.np
http://www.proed.edu.np/
Gyankunj College(Affiliated by Tribhuvan University) BBS Gyankunj College,
Ravibhawan,Machhagate Kathmandu, Bagmati
Ph: 01-4272831,4272334
Fax: 977-01-4272334
E-mail: gankunj@hotmail.com

Hope International College B.Sc, BPH, B.Pharma, PBN, MPH Hope International College,
Satdobato, Lalitpur, Nepal GPO Box No. 8975 EPC 1365
Ph: 5545167, 5544736,
E-mail: hope@mos.com.np
http://www.hopenepal.com/
Kantipur City College BIT, BCA, PGDCA, MCA, MAMCJ, BBA
BE (CS, EC, Civil)
Kantipur City College,
Putalisadak, Kathmandu, P.O.Box: 12837 Nepal
Ph: 977-1-4430239, 977-1-4437093
Fax: 977-1-4441417
E-mail: info@kcc.edu.np
http://www.kcc.edu.np/
Kantipur College of Management and Information Technology BIM, BBA Kantipur College of Management and Information Technology,
PBO: 19344 Madhya Baneshwor Marga, Kathmandu, Nepal
Ph: 0977-01-4495045, 4471736
http://www.kcmit.edu.np/
Kantipur Valley College
(Affiliation by Purbanchal University)

Kantipur Valley College,
Kumaripati, Kathmandu, Nepal
Ph: 5541341, 5538233
Email: jmamatya@hotmail.com

Kathmandu College Of Management
Kathmandu College of Management
Gwarko, Lalitpur,Nepal
Post Box No: 11154
Phone No: (977-1) 5201997,5200746
Fax No: (977-1)5201434
E-mail: kcm@kcm.edu
http://www.kcm.edu.np/
Kathmandu Don Bosco College
Kathmandu Don Bosco College,
P.O. Box: 10736, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu
Ph: 4781230/4780902
Fax: 4781974
E-mail: kdbc@mos.com.np
http://www.kathdonbosco.edu.np/
Kathmandu Institute Of Science And Technology BIT, BIS, BBA, BIM, MBS Kathmandu Institute Of Science And Technology ( KIST ),
Kamal Pokhari, Kathmandu, P.O. Box: 3928
E-mail: kist@info.com.np
http://www.kist.edu.np/
KITS College of Science and Management
KITS College of Science and Management,
GPO Box : 11989, Kamaladi, Kathmandu
Ph: 977-1-4221875, +977-1-4251409
E-mail: info@kits.edu.np
http://www.kits.edu.np/
Lalitpur College
Lalitpur College,
Kopundole, Lalitpur
Ph: 977 01 5524284, 977 01 5522535
Fax: 977 01 5521219
E-mail: info@lalitpurcollege.edu.np
http://www.lalitpurcollege.edu.np/
Lord Buddha Education Foundation BCA, B.Sc (IT, Fashion Tech.), M.Sc (CS,IT, Bio-Tech.), MBA, Diploma (Fashion Designing) Lord Buddha Education Foundation,
LBEF Campus,199/31,Maitidevi Marg, Opp.Maitidevi Temple, Kathmandu. Nepal
Ph: 977-1-4411805/4424431
Fax: 977-1-4443468
E-mail: info@lbef.org
http://www.lbef.org/
National Multiple College
National Multiple College
Satdobato, Lalitpur, Nepal
Phone no: 5544367,5533403
Fax No: 977-01-5528434
E-mail: info@nationalmultiplecollege.com
http://www.nationalmultiplecollege.com
National Open College BBA, BHCM, BPH, PGDHCM, MHCM National Open College,
EPC 1665 GPO 8975,
Kathmandu, Sanepa Ring Road, Lalitpur, Nepal
Ph: 977-1-5548098/5520326
E-mail: noc@ntc.net.np
http://www.noc.edu.np/
Nepal College Of Management BBA, BHTM Nepal College Of Management,
GPO Box: 1138 Naya Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
Ph: 4115690
Fax: [977 1] 4115563
E-mail: ncm@wlink.com.np
http://www.ncm.edu.np/
Nepal Institute of Management and science
Nepal Institute of Management and science ( NIMS )
Lagankhel Lalitpur, Bagmati
Ph: 01-5535872,5523120
Fax: 01-5522259
E-mail: info@nims.edu.np

People’s Campus BBS, BA, BBA, MBS People’s Campus,
Paknajol, Kathmandu, Nepal
P.O. Box : 20336
Tel: 4251412, 4251990
Fax: 977 1 4257506
E-mail: pcampus@wlink.com.np
http://www.peoplescampus.edu.np/
Pinnacle College
Pinnacle College,
Lagankhel (Eastern Part of bus park), Lalitpur, Nepal
Ph: 5544023, 5544024
E-mail: adpinnacle@wlink.com.np
http://www.pinnacle.edu.np/
Prime College
(Affiliation with Tribhuvan University)
BIM, BBA, B.Sc (CS, IT) BBS Prime College,
G.P.O. Box: 9809, Naya Bazar, Khusibu, Kathmandu
Phone: 4360180, 4360182, Fax: 4362480
E-mail: info@prime.edu.np, pcmit@wlink.com.np
http://www.prime.edu.np/
Reliance International Academy BBS Reliance International Academy (RIA),
Saraswati Nagar, Chabahil, Kathmandu, Nepal POB : 809
Ph: 4478836, 4461445
http://www.rianepal.edu.np/
Shubhashree College
(Affiliation with Tribhuvan University)
HSEB, BBS Subhashree college
Teenkuney, Gairigaun, Kathmandu, Nepal
P.O.Box 8975 EPC 5550
Tel 01-4460397, 01-6221191
E-mail: subhashree_col@yahoo.com, info@shubhashree.edu.np
http://www.subhashree.edu.np/
Thaames International College
Thaames International College,
BattisPutali Kathmandu
Ph : 977-1-4473219
Fax: 977-1-4701824
http://www.thaamescollege.edu.np/
Tilottama Campus
Tilottama Campus,
Yogikuti, Butwal-Rupandehi Lumbini Zone, Nepal, P.O.Box: 41
Ph: 071-542659, 548659
E-mail: tilottama_btw@wlink.com.np
www.tilottama.edu.np
Unique College Of Management
Unique College Of Management,
Kumaripati lalitpur, Lalitpur, Bagmati
Ph: 01-5538625
E-mail: uniquecm@gmail.com

Universal College BBS, BBA, BA, B.Sc (Bio-Chemistry),MA Universal College,
Maiti Devi Plaza, Maiti Devi, Kathmandu, Nepal
Ph: 977-1-4442775
E-mail: univcollege@wlink.com.np
http://www.uc.edu.np/

university in nepal

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university education

A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects and provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education. The word "university" is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars."[1]

Definition

The original Latin word "universitas" refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc."[2] At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located" came to be denominated by this general term. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.[3] The original Latin word referred to degree-granting institutions of learning in Western and Central Europe, where this form of legal organisation was prevalent, and from where the institution spread around the world. For non-related educational institutions of antiquity which did not stand in the tradition of the university and to which the term is only loosely and retrospectively applied, see ancient higher-learning institutions.

Academic freedom

An important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university. The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita,[4] in 1158 or 1155,[5] which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of "academic freedom".[6] This is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988 430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum,[7] marking the 900th anniversary of Bologna's foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, drawing from all parts of the world.